ORA-04031: unable to allocate bytes of shared memory during oracle startup

I was facing below error while starting oracle database and because of that database was unable to start.

SQL> startup
ORA-04031: unable to allocate 2072 bytes of shared memory ("shared pool","unknown object","sga heap(2,0)","parameter table block")
SQL> exit
Disconnected

When I checked my database memory allocation then found that sga_target was set to 2GB and pga_aggregate_target was set to 1GB. Also checked available server memory using free command. But there was lots of free memory available on the server.

Cause: SGA is not able to allocate required amount of memory to its components. More shared memory is needed than was allocated in the shared pool.

Action: If the shared pool is out of memory, either reduce your use of shared memory, or increase the sga_target value to larger than allocated.


STEP 1:
To increase the sga_target first you need to create pfile from spfile because db is down.
SQL> create pfile='/home/oracle/db12c.ora' from spfile;

File created.

STEP 2:
Edit pfile and change the value of sga_target large enough than the current settings using vi editor.


STEP 3:
$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.2.0 Production on Tue Oct 3 15:19:47 2017

Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected to an idle instance.

SQL> startup  pfile='/home/oracle/db12c.ora' ;
SQL>create spfile from pfile;
SQL> shut immediate;
SQL> startup;

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